本方案旨在提供一套高效、可靠、專業(yè)的五金配件超聲波清洗系統(tǒng)解決方案。方案基于對(duì)五金配件常見污垢類型和清洗難點(diǎn)的深入分析，詳細(xì)闡述了超聲波清洗的工作原理、核心設(shè)備選型、清洗工藝流程、推薦清洗劑、設(shè)備配置清單以及安全與維護(hù)規(guī)范。該方案適用于各類金屬材質(zhì)（如鐵、銅、鋁、不銹鋼及其合金）的機(jī)加工件、沖壓件、精密零件的批量化清洗需求，旨在徹底去除加工油污、金屬碎屑、拋光膏、手汗指紋等污染物，達(dá)到高清潔度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并兼顧防銹保護(hù)，以滿足后續(xù)電鍍、噴涂、裝配或直接出貨的質(zhì)量要求。

　　This plan aims to provide an efficient, reliable, and professional ultrasonic cleaning system solution for hardware accessories. The plan is based on an in-depth analysis of common types of dirt and cleaning difficulties in hardware accessories. It elaborates on the working principle, core equipment selection, cleaning process flow, recommended cleaning agents, equipment configuration list, and safety and maintenance standards of ultrasonic cleaning. This solution is suitable for the batch cleaning needs of machined parts, stamped parts, and precision parts made of various metal materials (such as iron, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, and their alloys). It aims to thoroughly remove pollutants such as machining oil stains, metal debris, polishing paste, and fingerprints, achieve high cleanliness standards, and also take into account rust protection to meet the quality requirements of subsequent electroplating, spraying, assembly, or direct shipment.

　　一、 前言與需求分析五金配件在機(jī)加工（如車、銑、鉆、磨）、沖壓、拉伸、拋光等制造過(guò)程中，表面會(huì)附著多種復(fù)雜的污染物，主要包括：油脂類：切削油、拉伸油、潤(rùn)滑油、防銹油等礦物油和合成油。固體顆粒類：金屬粉末、磨料顆粒、灰塵、焊渣。拋光膏與研磨膏：通常由油脂、蠟和磨料混合而成，附著力強(qiáng)，難以清除。手汗與指紋：含有鹽分和油脂，易導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品腐蝕。這些污垢若清洗不凈，將嚴(yán)重影響后續(xù)工序（如電鍍、噴涂）的附著力，降低產(chǎn)品外觀質(zhì)量和耐腐蝕性能，甚至影響精密部件的裝配精度和使用壽命。傳統(tǒng)的手工刷洗、浸泡、蒸汽清洗等方式存在效率低下、清潔度不一致、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、可能造成產(chǎn)品表面劃傷等問(wèn)題。超聲波清洗技術(shù)利用空化效應(yīng)，能夠無(wú)死角地對(duì)工件表面和復(fù)雜內(nèi)腔、盲孔進(jìn)行高效、均勻的清洗，是解決五金配件清洗難題的最佳選擇。

　　1、 Preface and Requirements Analysis: In the manufacturing process of hardware accessories such as machining (such as turning, milling, drilling, grinding), stamping, stretching, polishing, etc., various complex pollutants will adhere to the surface, mainly including: oils and fats: cutting oil, stretching oil, lubricating oil, rust proof oil and other mineral oils and composite oils. Solid particles: metal powder, abrasive particles, dust, welding slag. Polishing paste and grinding paste: usually composed of a mixture of oil, wax, and abrasive, with strong adhesion and difficult to remove. Hand sweat and fingerprints: Contains salt and oil, which can easily cause product corrosion. If these dirt are not cleaned thoroughly, they will seriously affect the adhesion of subsequent processes (such as electroplating and spraying), reduce the appearance quality and corrosion resistance of the product, and even affect the assembly accuracy and service life of precision components. Traditional manual brushing, soaking, steam cleaning and other methods have problems such as low efficiency, inconsistent cleanliness, high labor intensity, and the possibility of scratching the surface of the product. Ultrasonic cleaning technology utilizes cavitation effect to efficiently and uniformly clean the surface of workpieces, complex cavities, and blind holes without blind spots, making it the best choice to solve the problem of cleaning hardware accessories.

　　二、 超聲波清洗工作原理超聲波清洗的核心是“空化效應(yīng)”。其過(guò)程如下：超聲波生成：超聲波發(fā)生器（電源）將50/60Hz的市電轉(zhuǎn)換為高頻電信號(hào)（通常為20-40kHz）。換能器轉(zhuǎn)換：高頻電信號(hào)通過(guò)壓電陶瓷換能器，被轉(zhuǎn)換成同頻率的高頻機(jī)械振動(dòng)。振動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)：換能器將振動(dòng)傳遞給清洗槽底板，使整個(gè)槽壁均勻地向清洗液中輻射超聲波。空化作用：高頻聲波在清洗液中形成數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的微小真空氣泡（空化泡）。這些氣泡在正壓和負(fù)壓周期中迅速形成、生長(zhǎng)并猛烈內(nèi)爆（破裂）。清洗機(jī)理：空化泡破裂瞬間，會(huì)產(chǎn)生局部超過(guò)1000個(gè)大氣壓的沖擊波和高速微射流（時(shí)速可達(dá)400公里），持續(xù)不斷地沖擊工件表面，像無(wú)數(shù)雙微小的手一樣，將附著在工件上的污垢撕裂、剝落，從而達(dá)到徹底清洗的目的。其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于：全方位清洗：無(wú)論工件形狀多復(fù)雜，只要有清洗液能到達(dá)的地方，都能產(chǎn)生空化作用。高清潔度：能夠清除肉眼不可見的微米級(jí)顆粒。高效無(wú)損：清洗速度快，通常幾分鐘內(nèi)即可完成，且對(duì)工件表面無(wú)損傷。

　　2、 The working principle of ultrasonic cleaning is that the core of ultrasonic cleaning is the "cavitation effect". The process is as follows: Ultrasonic wave generation: The ultrasonic generator (power supply) converts 50/60Hz mains electricity into high-frequency electrical signals (usually 20-40kHz). Converter conversion: High frequency electrical signals are converted into high-frequency mechanical vibrations of the same frequency through piezoelectric ceramic transducers. Vibration transmission: The transducer transmits vibration to the bottom plate of the cleaning tank, causing the entire tank wall to uniformly radiate ultrasonic waves into the cleaning solution. Cavitation effect: High frequency sound waves form tens of thousands of tiny vacuum bubbles (cavitation bubbles) in the cleaning solution. These bubbles rapidly form, grow, and violently implode (rupture) during positive and negative pressure cycles. Cleaning mechanism: At the moment of cavitation bubble rupture, local shock waves exceeding 1000 atmospheres and high-speed micro jets (up to 400 kilometers per hour) will be generated, continuously impacting the surface of the workpiece, like countless pairs of tiny hands, tearing and peeling off the dirt attached to the workpiece, thus achieving the goal of thorough cleaning. Its advantage lies in comprehensive cleaning: no matter how complex the shape of the workpiece is, wherever the cleaning solution can reach, cavitation can occur. High definition cleanliness: capable of removing micron sized particles that are invisible to the naked eye. Efficient and non-destructive: The cleaning speed is fast, usually completed within a few minutes, and there is no damage to the surface of the workpiece.

　　三、 清洗系統(tǒng)核心組成與設(shè)備選型一套完整的工業(yè)超聲波清洗系統(tǒng)通常由以下幾個(gè)單元組成：

　　3、 A complete industrial ultrasonic cleaning system typically consists of the following units:

　　1. 超聲波清洗槽材質(zhì)：必須選用優(yōu)質(zhì)SUS304或更高等級(jí)的316不銹鋼板制作，厚度不低于1.5-2.0mm，確保耐腐蝕性和結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度。設(shè)計(jì)：槽體應(yīng)采用加強(qiáng)筋結(jié)構(gòu)，防止長(zhǎng)時(shí)間運(yùn)行產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)疲勞和變形。底部應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)為圓角或斜角，便于排污。換能器布置：換能器應(yīng)均勻焊接或粘接在槽底和/或兩側(cè)，確保清洗槽內(nèi)聲場(chǎng)分布均勻，無(wú)清洗死角。對(duì)于深槽，可采用雙側(cè)或三側(cè)布置。

　　1. Material of ultrasonic cleaning tank: It must be made of high-quality SUS304 or higher grade 316 stainless steel plate, with a thickness of not less than 1.5-2.0mm, to ensure corrosion resistance and structural strength. Design: The tank body should adopt a reinforced rib structure to prevent vibration fatigue and deformation caused by long-term operation. The bottom should be designed with rounded or angled corners for easy drainage. Arrangement of transducers: Transducers should be uniformly welded or bonded to the bottom and/or sides of the tank to ensure even distribution of sound field in the cleaning tank and no dead corners. For deep grooves, a double-sided or three sided arrangement can be used.

　　2. 超聲波發(fā)生器（電源）頻率選擇：針對(duì)五金配件，推薦使用28kHz或40kHz。28kHz：空化強(qiáng)度更大，適用于清洗大型、厚重污垢（如大量拋光膏、硬質(zhì)油泥）的工件，但對(duì)精密件表面可能略有輕微影響。40kHz：空化密度更高，作用更柔和，適用于中小型零件、精密零件，能有效清除微細(xì)顆粒。可選方案：配置雙頻或掃頻功能的發(fā)生器，能有效避免駐波產(chǎn)生，使清洗更均勻。功率密度：有效超聲波功率（W）與槽體有效容積（L）的比值是關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。對(duì)于五金配件，推薦的功率密度范圍為?0.3~0.8W/L。對(duì)于油污特別嚴(yán)重的工件，可適當(dāng)提高至1.0W/L。功率過(guò)低則清洗效果差，過(guò)高則可能損傷工件和槽體。控制系統(tǒng)：應(yīng)具備數(shù)字定時(shí)器、溫度控制器、過(guò)載保護(hù)、功率調(diào)節(jié)等功能。先進(jìn)的發(fā)生器可集成PLC，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化控制。

　　2. Frequency selection for ultrasonic generator (power supply): For hardware accessories, it is recommended to use 28kHz or 40kHz. 28kHz: Higher cavitation intensity, suitable for cleaning large, heavy dirt (such as a large amount of polishing paste, hard oil sludge) workpieces, but may have a slight impact on the surface of precision parts. 40kHz: Higher cavitation density, softer effect, suitable for small and medium-sized parts, precision parts, and can effectively remove fine particles. Optional solution: Install a generator with dual frequency or sweep function, which can effectively avoid standing waves and make cleaning more uniform. Power density: The ratio of effective ultrasonic power (W) to effective volume of the tank (L) is a key parameter. What is the recommended power density range for hardware accessories? 0.3~0.8W/L。 For workpieces with particularly severe oil pollution, it can be appropriately increased to 1.0W/L. If the power is too low, the cleaning effect will be poor, and if it is too high, it may damage the workpiece and groove. Control system: It should have functions such as digital timer, temperature controller, overload protection, power regulation, etc. Advanced generators can be integrated with PLCs to achieve automated control.

　　3. 加熱與溫控系統(tǒng)必要性：加熱能顯著降低清洗液表面張力，提高空化效率；同時(shí)能軟化、融化油脂，極大提升除油效果。加熱器類型：通常采用外置式/內(nèi)置式不銹鋼電加熱管，需有防干燒保護(hù)。溫度范圍：對(duì)于五金清洗，最佳工作溫度一般控制在?55℃ - 65℃?之間。溫度過(guò)高會(huì)導(dǎo)致空化強(qiáng)度減弱，并可能使清洗劑過(guò)快揮發(fā)或老化、分解。

　　3. Necessity of heating and temperature control system: Heating can significantly reduce the surface tension of cleaning solution and improve cavitation efficiency; At the same time, it can soften and melt grease, greatly improving the oil removal effect. Heater type: External/internal stainless steel electric heating tube is usually used, which needs to be protected against dry burning. Temperature range: For hardware cleaning, what is the optimal working temperature generally controlled at? 55℃ - 65℃? between. Excessive temperature can lead to a decrease in cavitation intensity and may cause the cleaning agent to evaporate, age, or decompose too quickly.

　　4. 過(guò)濾循環(huán)系統(tǒng)（可選但強(qiáng)烈推薦）目的：在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，清洗液會(huì)逐漸被污染，懸浮的油污和顆粒會(huì)重新附著在工件表面，降低清洗質(zhì)量并縮短清洗液壽命。配置：可配備一套旁路循環(huán)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)，包括水泵、過(guò)濾器（如紙帶過(guò)濾器、袋式過(guò)濾器或油水分離裝置（如離心式））。它能持續(xù)去除液體中的浮油和固體雜質(zhì)，保持清洗液長(zhǎng)期有效。

　　4. Filter circulation system (optional but strongly recommended) Purpose: During continuous production, the cleaning solution will gradually become contaminated, and suspended oil stains and particles will reattach to the surface of the workpiece, reducing cleaning quality and shortening the life of the cleaning solution. Configuration: Can be equipped with a bypass circulation filtration system, including a water pump, filters (such as paper tape filters, bag filters, or oil-water separation devices (such as centrifugal)). It can continuously remove floating oil and solid impurities from liquids, maintaining the effectiveness of the cleaning solution for a long time.

　　5. 干燥系統(tǒng)（可選）目的：清洗后的工件若不能及時(shí)干燥，極易產(chǎn)生水漬和二次生銹。方式：熱風(fēng)干燥：通過(guò)風(fēng)機(jī)和加熱器向清洗籃吹送潔凈的熱空氣，使水分快速蒸發(fā)。離心干燥：將清洗籃放入離心脫水機(jī)，通過(guò)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的離心力甩干表面水分，節(jié)能高效。真空干燥：適用于絕對(duì)不允許有水分殘留的精密工件。6. 清洗籃（工裝）材質(zhì)：通常采用不銹鋼絲網(wǎng)制作，不會(huì)污染清洗液，耐腐蝕。設(shè)計(jì)：網(wǎng)孔大小需適中，既要保證清洗液充分流動(dòng)和超聲波穿透，又要防止細(xì)小零件漏出。可根據(jù)產(chǎn)品形狀定制專用工裝夾具，提高裝料量和清洗一致性。

　　5. Drying system (optional) Purpose: If the cleaned workpiece cannot be dried in time, it is prone to water stains and secondary rusting. Method: Hot air drying: Blow clean hot air into the cleaning basket through a fan and heater to quickly evaporate moisture. Centrifugal drying: Place the cleaning basket into the centrifugal dewatering machine and use high-speed centrifugal force to spin off surface moisture, which is energy-saving and efficient. Vacuum drying: suitable for precision workpieces that absolutely do not allow residual moisture. 6. Material of cleaning basket (fixture): usually made of stainless steel wire mesh, which will not contaminate the cleaning solution and is corrosion-resistant. Design: The mesh size should be moderate, ensuring sufficient flow of cleaning solution and ultrasonic penetration, while preventing small parts from leaking out. Specialized fixtures can be customized according to the shape of the product to improve loading capacity and cleaning consistency.

　　四、 清洗工藝流程與參數(shù)設(shè)定一個(gè)典型的多工位五金配件超聲波清洗流程如下：

　　4、 A typical multi station ultrasonic cleaning process for hardware accessories is as follows:

　　工位一：超聲波粗洗（除重油）目的：去除90%以上的厚重油污和大型顆粒，保護(hù)后續(xù)精洗槽液壽命。清洗劑：使用價(jià)格較低的水基清洗劑或?qū)Ｓ妹撝瑒瑵舛瓤缮愿撸?-5%）。溫度：60-70℃時(shí)間：3-5分鐘超聲波：28kHz，功率密度0.5-0.7W/L（此功率密度基于有效超聲波功率和槽體有效容積計(jì)算）

　　Workstation 1: Ultrasonic Coarse Cleaning (Removing Heavy Oil) Purpose: To remove over 90% of heavy oil stains and large particles, and protect the service life of the subsequent fine cleaning tank solution. Cleaning agent: Use low-cost water-based cleaning agents or specialized degreasing agents, with a slightly higher concentration (3-5%). Temperature: 60-70 ℃ Time: 3-5 minutes Ultrasonic: 28kHz, power density 0.5-0.7W/L (this power density is calculated based on the effective ultrasonic power and the effective volume of the tank)

　　工位二：超聲波精洗（深度凈化）目的：徹底清除殘留的微量油污和所有固體顆粒，達(dá)到高清潔度。清洗劑：使用高質(zhì)量的水基清洗劑，濃度適中（2-3%）。溫度：55-65℃時(shí)間：3-5分鐘超聲波：40kHz，功率密度0.4-0.6W/L（此功率密度基于有效超聲波功率和槽體有效容積計(jì)算）配置：此工位建議配備過(guò)濾循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。

　　Workstation 2: Ultrasonic cleaning (deep purification) Purpose: To thoroughly remove residual trace oil stains and all solid particles, achieving high cleanliness. Cleaning agent: Use high-quality water-based cleaning agents with moderate concentration (2-3%). Temperature: 55-65 ℃ Time: 3-5 minutes Ultrasonic: 40kHz, power density 0.4-0.6W/L (calculated based on effective ultrasonic power and effective tank volume) Configuration: It is recommended to equip this workstation with a filtration circulation system.

　　工位三：市水漂洗（可選多次）目的：漂洗掉工件表面殘留的清洗劑。介質(zhì)：流動(dòng)的自來(lái)水（市水）。可采用溢流方式，保持水質(zhì)清潔。時(shí)間：1-2分鐘可選：可增加一道或兩道漂洗槽，或使用超聲波輔助漂洗，效果更佳。

　　Workstation 3: Rinse with municipal water (optional multiple times) Purpose: Rinse off residual cleaning agents on the surface of the workpiece. Medium: Flowing tap water (municipal water). Overflow method can be used to maintain clean water quality. Time: 1-2 minutes. Optional: One or two rinsing tanks can be added, or ultrasonic assisted rinsing can be used for better results.

　　工位四：純水漂洗（可選）目的：對(duì)于要求絕對(duì)無(wú)水漬或后續(xù)進(jìn)行電鍍的工件，使用去離子水進(jìn)行最終漂洗，可避免礦物水垢的形成。介質(zhì)：去離子水或RO純水。時(shí)間：1分鐘

　　Workstation 4: Pure water rinsing (optional) Purpose: For workpieces that require absolute water stains or subsequent electroplating, use deionized water for final rinsing to avoid the formation of mineral scale. Medium: Deionized water or RO pure water. Time: 1 minute

　　工位五：防銹處理（可選）目的：為防止清洗后工件在庫(kù)存或轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)期間生銹，可進(jìn)行防銹處理。方式：浸入水性防銹劑中浸泡約1分鐘，或使用脫水防銹油。

　　Workstation 5: Rust prevention treatment (optional) Purpose: To prevent the workpiece from rusting during inventory or transportation after cleaning, rust prevention treatment can be carried out. Method: Soak in water-based rust inhibitor for about 1 minute, or use dehydrated rust proof oil.

　　工位六：干燥方式：根據(jù)產(chǎn)能和質(zhì)量要求，選擇熱風(fēng)干燥、離心干燥或真空干燥。時(shí)間/參數(shù)：直至工件完全干燥無(wú)水跡。

　　Workstation 6: Drying method: Choose hot air drying, centrifugal drying, or vacuum drying according to production capacity and quality requirements. Time/Parameters: Until the workpiece is completely dry and free of water marks.

　　五、 清洗劑選擇建議清洗劑的選擇至關(guān)重要，直接決定清洗效果和成本。水基清洗劑：首選方案。環(huán)保、安全、成本低。應(yīng)選擇pH值呈弱堿性（8.0-10.5），專為超聲波清洗設(shè)計(jì)的低泡型產(chǎn)品。需具備良好的乳化、分散油脂的能力，并對(duì)五金材料無(wú)腐蝕，對(duì)于不同材質(zhì)的混合清洗（如鋼、銅、鋁同時(shí)清洗），必須選擇對(duì)最活潑金屬（通常是鋁合金）也具有良好緩蝕效果的通用型清洗劑，并進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的工藝驗(yàn)證（如材料腐蝕性測(cè)試），防止電化學(xué)腐蝕和表面變色、失光。清洗后應(yīng)易于漂洗。溶劑型清洗劑（如碳?xì)浠衔铮呵逑粗赜臀勰芰O強(qiáng)，揮發(fā)快，無(wú)需干燥。但通常易燃易爆，需配套防爆設(shè)備，環(huán)保要求高，成本也較高。半水基清洗劑：性能介于水基和溶劑之間，但后續(xù)處理可能較復(fù)雜。建議：從成本、安全和環(huán)保角度出發(fā)，強(qiáng)烈推薦使用優(yōu)質(zhì)的水基超聲波專用清洗劑。具體品牌和型號(hào)需根據(jù)實(shí)際油污成分進(jìn)行小樣測(cè)試確定。

　　5、 The selection of cleaning agents is crucial, as it directly determines the cleaning effect and cost. Water based cleaning agent: preferred solution. Environmental protection, safety, and low cost. Low foaming products designed specifically for ultrasonic cleaning with a pH value of weak alkalinity (8.0-10.5) should be selected. It is necessary to have good emulsification and oil dispersion ability, and be non corrosive to hardware materials. For mixed cleaning of different materials (such as simultaneous cleaning of steel, copper, and aluminum), a universal cleaning agent with good corrosion inhibition effect on the most active metal (usually aluminum alloy) must be selected, and strict process verification (such as material corrosion testing) must be carried out to prevent electrochemical corrosion and surface discoloration and loss of light. It should be easy to rinse after cleaning. Solvent based cleaning agents (such as hydrocarbons): have strong ability to clean heavy oil stains, evaporate quickly, and do not require drying. But usually flammable and explosive, requiring explosion-proof equipment, high environmental requirements, and high costs. Semi water-based cleaning agent: Its performance is between water-based and solvent based, but subsequent processing may be more complex. Suggestion: From the perspectives of cost, safety, and environmental protection, it is strongly recommended to use high-quality water-based ultrasonic cleaning agents. The specific brand and model need to be determined through small sample testing based on the actual oil pollution composition.

　　六、安全、維護(hù)與注意事項(xiàng)安全操作：設(shè)備必須可靠接地。開啟超聲波時(shí)，嚴(yán)禁將手直接放入清洗液中。加熱時(shí)，槽液液位必須完全沒(méi)過(guò)加熱管，防止干燒。避免使用易燃清洗劑，除非設(shè)備是防爆設(shè)計(jì)。日常維護(hù)：每日：檢查液位，清理液面浮油和槽底沉積物。每周：檢查換能器與槽體連接處有無(wú)松動(dòng)或腐蝕。測(cè)試清洗劑濃度，及時(shí)補(bǔ)充。每月：更換或清洗過(guò)濾器濾芯/濾袋。徹底清槽，清理水垢和油泥。每半年：檢查發(fā)生器內(nèi)部，除塵，緊固接線端子。注意事項(xiàng)：不同材質(zhì)的工件（如鋁、銅等軟金屬）應(yīng)測(cè)試清洗時(shí)間和功率，防止過(guò)清洗導(dǎo)致表面失光或損傷。嚴(yán)格遵守清洗劑供應(yīng)商提供的配比和建議。及時(shí)添加和更換清洗液，失效的清洗液不僅洗不干凈，反而會(huì)二次污染工件。

　　6、 Safety, maintenance, and precautions for safe operation: The equipment must be reliably grounded. When turning on ultrasonic waves, it is strictly prohibited to put your hands directly into the cleaning solution. When heating, the liquid level in the tank must be completely below the heating tube to prevent dry burning. Avoid using flammable cleaning agents unless the equipment is designed to be explosion-proof. Daily maintenance: Check the liquid level, clean the floating oil and sediment at the bottom of the tank. Weekly: Check for looseness or corrosion at the connection between the transducer and the tank body. Test the concentration of cleaning agents and replenish them in a timely manner. Monthly: Replace or clean filter cartridges/bags. Thoroughly clean the tank, remove scale and sludge. Every six months: Check the inside of the generator, remove dust, and tighten the wiring terminals. Attention: Workpieces made of different materials (such as aluminum, copper, and other soft metals) should be tested for cleaning time and power to prevent surface loss of gloss or damage caused by over cleaning. Strictly follow the ratio and recommendations provided by the cleaning agent supplier. Timely addition and replacement of cleaning solution, ineffective cleaning solution not only fails to clean, but also pollutes the workpiece twice.

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